The English Teacher
Teaching Vocabulary with Literature:
The Scarlet Letter
The student assignment below illlustrates one way that vocabulary can
be taught through literature. I have tried a number of methods. For
several years I taught vocabulary to 11th grade Honors English students
from a vocabulary book. They were to learn the definitions for and how
to spell five words per day. At the end of the week, they were given a
test on twenty-five words. Sometimes I went back to a previous week.
When the words totaled about 250, I gave a test going back to the first
weeks and found that they had forgotten some of them. The unit became
more frustrating when I asked the students to use the words in a
sentence rather than just write the dictionary definitions. They didn't
know what part of speech they were and the 'shadings of meanings'
eluded them.
I found that teaching vocabulary from the book they were reading, if the
book had a sufficiently challenging vocabulary, gave the students some
awareness of the shadings of meanings rather than simply the basic
dictionary definition.
One can see from the assignment below [to look up unknown vocabulary
words in the dictionary], that some of the dictionary definitions would
enhance understanding of the book, and others would not. It seemed to
me that some words needed further study, and perhaps a class discussion
to clarify them.
How much time to devote to vocabulary has been the question for many
English teachers. In my opinion, the teaching of vocabulary is quite
important and a task that can not be done effectively in just one class and
at one grade level. Inasmuch as other language arts skills need to be
taught in our classes too, vocabulary instruction should be carried on by
all language arts teachers, and hopefully by teachers of other subjects
such as history and science.
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Teaching
Literature
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THE SCARLET LETTER
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER ONE
1. THRONG: (PG. 55) a great number of persons crowded
together.
2. EDIFICE: (PG. 55) a large, usually impressive building.
3. UTOPIA: (PG. 55) a place or state of political or social
perfection. Comes from a novel by Sir Thomas Moore
about a perfect society.
4. ALLOT: (PG. 55) to divide or distribute in shares.
5. SEASONABLE: (PG. 55) timely or opportune.
6. SEPULCHRES: (PG. 55) a burial vault built of rock or
stone.
7. PONDEROUS: (PG. 55) weighty or clumsy.
8. CONGENIAL: (PG. 56) pleasant, friendly.
9. INAUSPICIOUS: (PG. 56) not prosperous.
10. PORTAL: (PG. 56) a doorway of imposing appearance.
CHAPTER TWO
11. PHYSIOGNOMIES: (PG. 57) the facial features held
to show qualities of mind or character by their
configuration or expression.
12. AUGURED: (PG. 57) foretold.
13. BETOKENED: (PG. 57) given evidence of.
14. TRIBUNAL: (PG. 57) a court of forum of justice.
15. INFERENCE: (PG. 57) the act of passing from one
proposition, statement, or judgment considered
as true to another whose truth is believed to
follow from that of the former.
16. INDUBITABLY: (PG. 57) unquestionably.
17. ANTINOMIAN: (PG. 57) one who rejects a socially
established morality.
18. HETERODOX: (PG. 57) holding unorthodox opinions
or doctrines.
19. SCOURGED: (PG. 57) to subject to severe criticism
or satire.
20. FIREWATER: (PG. 57) strong alcoholic beverage.
21. MAGISTRATE: (PG. 57) a local official exercising
administrative and often judicial functions.
22. GALLOWS: (PG. 57) the punishment of hanging.
23. VENERABLE: (PG. 58) made sacred especially by
religious or historical association.
24. MEAGRE: (PG. 58) lacking desirable qualities; meager.
25. TRANSGRESSOR: (PG. 58) violator.
26. SCAFFOLD: (PG. 58) a platform on which a criminal
is executed.
27. INFAMY: (PG. 58) evil reputation brought about by
something grossly criminal, shocking, or brutal.
28. IMPROPRIETY: (PG. 58) the quality or state of
being improper.
29. FARTHINGALE: (PG. 58) a support worn in the
16th century beneath a skirt to expand it at
the hip line.
30. FIBRE: (PG. 58) basic toughness.
31. ROTUNDITY: (PG. 58) rounded.
32. BEHOOF: (PG.59) advantage, profit.
33. MALEFACTRESSES: (PG. 59) a person who
violates the law or does evil.
34. TROW: (PG. 59) believe.
35. AUTUMAL: (PG. 59) a period of maturity or
incipient decline.
36. BAGGAGE: (PG. 59) a worthless or contemptible
woman; prostitute.
37. HEATHENISH: (PG. 59) barbarous.
38. BEADLE: (PG. 60) a minor parish official whose
duties include ushering and preserving order at
services and sometimes civil functions.
39. ABASHED: (PG. 60) to destroy the self-confidence of.
40. SUMPTUARY: (PG. 60) designed to regulate habits
on moral or religious grounds.
41. GENTILITY: (PG. 60) the members of the upper class.
42. EVANESCENT: (PG. 61) tending to vanish like vapor.
43. IGNOMINY: (PG. 61) disgraceful or dishonorable
conduct, quality, or action.
44. BRAZEN: (PG. 61) marked by contemptuous
boldness.
45. HUSSY: (PG. 61) a saucy or mischievous girl.
46. MERIDIAN: (PG. 62) midday; noon.
47. INIQUITY: (PG. 62) wickedness.
48. VISAGE: (PG. 62) appearance.
49. SPURN: (PG. 63) stumble.
50. PILLORY: (PG. 65) a means to expose one to
public scorn and humility.
51. FLAGRANT: extremely or purposefully
conspicuous usually because of uncommon
objectionable or evil.
52. MIEN: appearance; aspect.
53. VIED: exchanged in rivalry.
54. TAINTED: contaminated mark or influence.
55. CONTUMELY: rude language or treatment arising
from haughtiness and contempt.
56. COUNTENANCES: looks; expressions.
57. MERRIMENT: (PG. 64) lighthearted gaiety or fun
making.
58. PRETERNATURAL: exceeding what is natural
or regular.
59. HEWN: strictly conformed.
60. PHANTASMAGORIC: a scene that constantly changes.
61. REMONSTRANCE: (PG. 65) objection.
62. CLOISTER: an area within a monastery or convent
to which the religious are normally restricted.
63. ETYMOLOGIST: studies word derivation.
64. DEMEANOR: behavior toward others; outward
manner.
CHAPTER THREE
65. FURROWS: (PG. 67) wrinkles.
66. HETEROGENEOUS: (PG. 67) different in kind.
67. ABATE: (PG. 67) put an end to.
68. WRITHING: (PG. 67) to twist in pain; to suffer keenly.
69. INTERVOLUTIONS: (PG. 67)
70. SOJOURN: (PG. 68) a temporary stay.
71. INIQUITY: (PG. 68) wickedness.
72. MARRY: (PG. 68) to express amused or surprised
agreement.
73. EXPOUND: (PG. 68) to explain in careful and
elaborate detail.
74. PERADVENTURE: (PG. 68) perhaps.
75. BETWIXT: (PG. 70) between.
76. HALBERDS: (PG. 70) a weapon consisting typically
of a battle ax and pike mounted on a handle about
6 feet long.
77. TUNIC: (PG. 70) a hip-length or longer blouse or
jacket.
78. SAGACITY: (PG. 70) of keen mind: shrewd.
79. MIEN: (PG. 70)
80. OBSTINACY: (PG. 71) fixed and unyielding; stubborn.
81. ALBEIT: (PG. 71) although.
82. FERVOR: (PG. 72) intensity of feeling or expression.
83. LURID: (PG. 72) gruesome; sensational.
84. GARB: (PG. 66) clothing.
85. IGNOMINOUS: (PG. 69) shameful.
CHAPTER FOUR
86. SAGAMORES: (PG. 76) a subordinate chief of the
Algonquian Indians of the north Atlantic coast.
87. AMENABLE: (PG. 76) willing to yield or submit:
agreeable.
88. PEREMPTORY: (PG. 76) leaving no opportunity for
denial or refusal.
89. ALCHEMY: (PG. 76) a power or process of
transforming something common into something precious.
90. AVENGE: (PG. 77) to exact satisfaction for a wrong
by punishing the wrongdoer.
91. INQUEST: (PG. 80) inquiry, investigation.
92. AUGHT: (PG. 80) nothing.
93. PARAMOUR: (PG. 80) an illicit lover.
94. WOTTEST: (PG. 81) to have knowledge of or to know.
CHAPTER FIVE
95. VIVIFY: (PG. 83) to endure with life or renew life:
animate.
96. CLAUSE: (PG. 83) a separate section of a discourse
or writing.
97. ASSIMILATE: (PG. 83) to absorb into the cultural
tradition of a population or group.
98. TINGE: (PG. 83) an affective or modifying property
or influence: touch.
99. UNCONGENIAL: (PG. 83) unfriendly.
100. THATCHED: (PG. 84) a house used as a sheltering
cover made of a plant material.
101. FAIN: (PG. 85) rather.
102. PROGENITORS: (PG.85) an ancestor in the direct
line: forefather.
103. PLEBEIAN: (PG. 86) one of the common people.
104. EMOLUMENT: (PG. 86) advantage.
105. COMMISERATION (PG. 86) to feel or express
sympathy: condole.
106. CONTUMACIOUSLY: (PG. 90) stubbornly
disobedient: rebellious.
107. TALISMAN: (PG. 90) something producing
apparently magical or miraculous effects.
CHAPTER SIX
108.EFFICACY: (PG. 91) effective as a means of remedy.
109. RUSSET: (PG. 92) a coarse brownish homespun cloth.
110. IMBUED: (PG. 92) inspired as with feelings,
opinions, etc.
111. MUTABILITY: (PG. 93) subject to change.
112. EPOCH: (PG. 93) a point in time marked by the
beginning of anew development or state of things.
113. REGIMEN: (PG. 93) to organize.
114. CAPRICE; (PG. 94) a sudden, impulsive
change: whim.
115. INFANTILE: (PG. 95) characteristic of infancy
or infants: babyish.
116. SMOTE: (PG. 97) having striked something.
117. DEARTH: (PG. 97) scarcity, lack, or famine.
118. GESTICULATION: (PG. 99) expression through
gestures.
119. LABYRINTH: (PG. 100) any intricate or perplexing
set of difficulties: maze.
120. AMENABLE: (PG. 93) agreeable.
121. NURTURE: (PG. 96) care for; raise up.
122. ENMITY: (PG. 97) established hatred.
123. PATERNITY: (PG. 100) father.
CHAPTER SEVEN
124. LUDICROUS: (PG. 101) amusing or laughable
through obvious absurdity, incongruity,
exaggeration, or eccentricity.
125. EMINENCE: (PG. 102) position of prominence or
superiority.
126. PRISTINE: (PG. 102) uncorrupt by civilization.
127. INTRINSIC: (PG. 102) originating or situated within
the body or part acted on.
128.IMPERIOUS: (PG. 102) commanding; dominant.
129. AKIN: (PG. 102) similar.
130. TUNIC: (PG. 102) a hip-length or longer blouse
or jacket.
131. WAN: (PG. 102) pale or sickly.
132. PALLID: (PG. 102) deficient in color: dull.
133. DAUNTLESS: (PG. 103) fearless, undaunted.
134. EXTANT: (PG. 103) not destroyed or lost.
135. CABALISTIC: (PG. 104) esoteric doctrine or
mysterious art.
136. CAPER: (PG. 104) a gay, bounding leap.
137. FLANKED: (PG. 104) to be situated on the side:
border.
138. FORSOOTH: (PG. 107) indeed.
139. EMBOWED: (PG. 105) arched.
140. FOLIO: (PG. 105) a book of the largest size.
141. TOME: (PG. 105) a volume forming part of a larger
work.
142. GILDED: (PG. 105) to overlay with or as if with a
thin covering of gold.
143. MAIL: (PG. 106) armor made of medal links or
sometimes plates.
144. BURNISHED: (PG. 106) polished.
145. PANOPLY: (PG. 106) full suit of armor.
146. MUSTER: (PG. 106) formal military inspection.
147. EXIGENCIES: (PG. 106) a state of affairs that
makes urgent demands.
148. PHYSIOGNOMY: (PG. 106) facial features held to
show quality of mind or
character by their configuration or expression.
149. BREADTH: (PG. 106) something of full width.
150. VISTA: (PG. 107) a distant view through or an
avenue or pathway.
151. RELINQUISH: (PG. 107) leave behind.
152. SUBSISTENCE: (PG. 107) real being: existence.
153. ANNALS: (PG. 107) historical records: chronicles.
CHAPTER EIGHT
154. EXPATIATING: (PG. 108) enlarging in discourse or
writing.
155. ANTIQUATE: (PG. 108) obsolete.
156. UNFEIGNEDLY: (PG.108) not pretending.
157. BEHEST: (PG. 108) an earnest request.
158. BENEVOLENCE: (PG. 109) desiring to do good
to others.
159. BEDIZEN: (PG. 109) to dress n a gaudy or
vulgar manner.
160. ALBEIT: (PG. 111) although or even if.
161. WARILY: (PG. 111) cautiously.
162. PIOUS: (PG. 111) of or pertaining to religious
devotion.
163. IMBIBES: (PG. 111) to take or receive into the
mind.
164. AMISS: (PG. 111) improper.
165. INDEFEASIBLE: (PG. 112) not to be annulled or
made void.
166. EMACIATED: (PG. 113) to make very thin, as to lack
of nutrition or to disease.
167. MOUNTEBANK: (PG. 114) any charlatan or quack..
168. BOON: (PG. 114) a favor sought.
169. ADDUCED: (PG. 114) to bring forward as in
argument or as evidence.
170. VEHEMENCE: (PG. 115) forceful or violent.
171. UNOBTRUSTIVE: (PG. 115) not conspicuous.
172. CHARGER: (PG. 108) plate or platter.
CHAPTER NINE
173. APPELLATION: (PG. 117) an identifying name
or title.
174. CONTAGION: (PG. 117) the spread as of an idea,
emotion, etc.
175. CHIRURGICAL: (PG. 118) surgical.
176. INTRICACIES: (PG. 118) having many interrelated
parts or facets: intricate.
177. COUNTENANCE: (PG. 120) to extend approval or
toleration of.
178. PARISHONER: (PG.120) a member or inhabitant
of a parish.
179. PROPOUND: (PG. 120) to offer up for discussion
or consideration.
180. DELVE: (PG. 122) to make careful or detailed
search for information.
181. SAGACITY: (PG. 123) the quality of keen and
farsighted penetration and judgment.
182. TUMULT: (PG. 123) uproar and confusion:
commotion, riot.
183. ERUDITION: (PG. 124) extensive knowledge
acquired chiefly from books.
184. COMMODIOUSNESS: (PG. 125) comfortable
or conveniently spacious: roomy.
185. INCANTATIONS: (PG. 125) a use of spells or
verbal charms spoken or sung as a part of a
ritual of magic.
186. BLACK ART: (PG. 125) made practiced by or
as if by conjurers and witches.
187. CONJURER: (PG. 125) someone who calls up
spirits or ghosts: magicians.
188. GUISE: (PG. 126) manner or fashion.
189. SANCTITY: (PG. 126) Godliness or sacredness.
190. EMISSARY: (PG. 126) messenger.
191. DIABOLIC: (PG. 126) devilish.
CHAPTER TEN
192. SEXTON: (PG. 127) an official charged with
maintaining church property.
193. DEEM: (PG. 128) to believe or judge.
194. ASPIRATION: (PG. 128) strong desire, longing,
or ambition: goal.
195. GHASTLY: (PG. 127) terrifyingly horrible to
the senses: frightening.
196. STEALTHILY: (PG. 128) slow, deliberate, and
secret in action or character.
197. INIMICAL: (PG. 128) having the disposition of
an enemy: hostile.
198. ASKANCE: (PG. 129) with a side-glance: obliquely.
199. PERFORCE: (PG. 129) by force of circumstances.
200. SOLACE: (PG. 130) alleviation of grief or anxiety.
201. BRETHREN: (PG. 130) fellow members of a
profession, society, or sect;
plural of brothers.
202. PROPAGATE: (PG. 130) publicize.
203. ABASEMENT: (PG. 130) to lower in rank, office,
prestige, or esteem.
204. SOOTH: (PG. 131) truth, reality.
205. ARMORIAL: (PG. 131) of, relating to, or bearing
heraldic arms.
206. DECOROUSLY: (PG. 131) marked by propriety and
good taste: correct
207. IMP: (PG. 131) a small demon: fiend.
208. MIRTH: (PG. 132) gladness or gaiety as shown
by or accompanied with
laughter.
209. PALLIATE: (PG. 134) to cover by excuses or
apologies.
210. ASSENTED: (PG. 135) to agree to something.
211. SOMNIFEROUS: (PG. 135) hypnotic.
212. VESTMENT: (PG. 135) an outer garment; a robe
of ceremony or office.
213. PEITY: (PG. 128) reverence to God.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
214. MALICE: (PG. 136) desire to see another suffer.
215. LATENT: (PG. 136) present and capable of
becoming though not now visible or active: dormant.
216.BALKED: (PG. 136) to stop short and refuse to
proceed.
217.ODIOUS: (PG. 137) exciting or deserving hatred
or repugnance.
218.MACHINATION: (PG. 138) a scheming or crafty
action or artful design intended to accomplish
some usually evil end.
219. LORE: (PG. 138) traditional knowledge or belief.
220. ETHEREALIZED: (PG. 138) celestially.
221. ATTESTATION: (PG. 138) to be proof of: manifest.
222. AVOWAL: (PG. 141) an open declaration or
acknowledgement.
223. IMPALPABLE (PG. 142) incapable of being
felt by touch.
224. VENERATION: (PG. 139) commanding respect
because of great age or associated dignity.
CHAPTER TWELVE
225. SOMNAMBULISM: (PG. 143) sleepwalking.
226. DANK: (PG. 143) cold and damp.
227. EXPIATION: (PG. 144) to atone for; to make
amends for.
228. DEFUNCT: (PG. 147) dead or inactive.
229. SCANTLY: (PG. 147) scarcely enough.
230. JUTTING: (PG. 149) to extend beyond the main
portion.
231. ARCHFIEND: (PG. 151) a chief fiend: Satan.
232. SCURRILOUS: (PG. 153) grossly and offensively
abusive.
233. GRISLY: (PG. 146) inspiring horror or intense fear.
234. TUMULT: (PG. 147) a turbulent uprising: riot.
235. AWRY: (PG. 147) out of right or hoped-for cause.
236. FIRMAMENT: (PG. 150) the vault or arch of the
sky: heavens.
237. MALEVOLENCE: (PG. 151) arising from intense or
vicious ill will, spite, or hatred.
238. ERUDITE: (PG. 152) possessing or displaying
erudition; learned.
239. REPLETE; (PG. 152) fully or abundantly provided
or filled: complete.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
240. PAUPER: (PG. 155) a very poor person.
241. GIBE: (PG. 155) to tease with taunting words.
242. MEED: (PG. 156) a fitting return or recompense.
243. DESPOTS: (PG. 156) a ruler with absolute power
and authority.
244. FOLIAGE: (PG. 157) a cluster of leaves, flowers,
and branches.
245. SEMBLANCE: (PG. 158) outward and often
specious appearance or show.
246. IMBIBED: (PG. 159) to receive into the mind and
retain.
247. OBVIATED: (PG. 160) to see beforehand and
dispose of; making unnecessary.
248. ETHEREAL: (PG. 160) celestial, heavenly.
249. CLEW: (PG. 160) clue.
250. CHASM: (PG. 160) a marked division, separation,
or difference.
251. LUNACY: (PG. 160) wild foolishness; insanity.
252. ACQUIESCING: (PG. 161) to accept or comply
tacitly or passively.
253. STAFF: (PG. 161) a long stick carried in
the hand for support in walking.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
254. WIRY: (PG. 163) lean and strong.
255. BEHEST: (PG. 164) an earnest request.
256. RANKLE: (PG. 164) to cause persistent keen
irritation or bitter resentment.
257. PROPINQUITY: (PG. 165) nearness in place
or time.
258. USURP: (PG. 165) to seize and hold (a position,
power, etc.) by force or without legal right.
259. RETRIBUTION: (PG. 167) punishment given in
return for some wrong committed; judgment.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
260. SERE: (PG. 168) withered.
261. VERDURE: (PG. 168) condition of health and
vigor.
262. SEDULOUS: (PG. 168) diligent in application
or pursuit.
263. HORNBOOK: (PG. 171) a child's reading
book consisting of a sheet of parchment or paper
protected by a sheet of transparent horn.
264. PETULANT: (PG. 172) insolent or rude in speech
or behavior.
265. PRECOCITY: (PG. 172) exhibiting mature qualities
at an unusually early age.
266. ACRID: (PG. 172) deeply or violently bitter.
267. ENIGMA: (PG. 173) something hard to understand
or explain: mystery.
268. PROPENSITY: (PG. 173) an intense and often
urgent natural inclination.
269. BENEFICENCE: (PG. 173) an office to which the
revenue from an endowment is attached: fief.
270. VIVACITY: (PG. 173) being lively in temper or
conduct: sprightly.
271. TALISMAN: (PG. 173) something producing
apparently magical or miraculous effects.
272. ASPERITY: (PG. 174) roughness of manner
or of temper: harshness.
273. UPBRAIDED: (PG. 169) criticized.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
274. SCINTILLATING: (PG. 176) to be brilliant
or keen, as in talent.
275. VIVACITY: (PG. 176) being lively in temper or
conduct: sprightly.
276. SCROFULA: (PG. 176) a form of tuberculosis.
277. LOQUACITY: (PG. 178) exceedingly talkative.
278. STREAMLET: (PG. 178) a small stream.
279. PRATTLE: (PG. 178) to talk in a foolish or
simpleminded way.
280. CADENCE: (PG. 179) rhythmic sequence or
flow of sounds in language.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
281. SPECTRE: (PG. 181) something that haunts or
perturbs the mind; specter.
282. MALEVOLENT: (PG. 183) having, showing, or
arising from intense often vicious ill will, spite,
or hatred.
283. CONTIGUITY: (PG. 183) the quality or state of next
or near in time or sequence.
284. MISANTHROPY: (PG. 184) a hatred or distrust of
mankind.
285. INVIGORATED: (PG. 184) to give life and
energy to; animate.
286. RECOIL: (PG. 185) to fall back under pressure.
287. CONSECRATION: (PG. 186) the act of making or
declaring sacred.
288. SATIATING: (PG. 186) to satisfy fully.
289. SENTINEL: (PG. 188) one that watches or guards.
290. BUDY: (PG. 188) to support or sustain.
291. TARRY: (PG. 188) stay, sojourn.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
292. ESTRANGED: (PG. 189) to alienate the
affections of.
293. COLLOQUY: (PG. 189) a conversation
especially formal one.
294. AMISS: (PG. 190) out of proper order: wrong.
295. TRAMMELLED: (PG. 190) something that restricts
activity or free movement: hindrance.
296. MACHINATIONS: (PG. 190) a crafty, intricate,
or secret plot, usually intended to achieve
an evil purpose.
297. BREACH: (PG. 191) a violation as of a law or
obligation.
298. CITADEL: (PG. 191) a stronghold.
299. SOLACE: (PG. 191) comfort in sorrow or
distress; consolation.
300. HEATHEN: (PG. 193) an irreligious, uncivilized,
or unenlightened person.
301. SUBJUGATED: (PG. 193) to bring under
dominion: conquer.
302. DENIZENS: (PG. 194) an inhabitant: resident.
303. CHOLERIC: (PG. 194) bad tempered; irritable.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
304. ACCOSTING: (PG. 196) address, greeting.
305. PRATTLE: (PG. 196) to utter meaningless
sounds suggestive of the chatter of children:
babble.
306. INURED: (PG. 198) accustomed to accept
something undesirable.
307. MOLLIFIED: (PG. 198) soothed in temper or
disposition.
308. GESTICULATING: (PG. 198) making gestures
especially when speaking.
309. PRETERNATURAL: (PG. 199) existing outside
of nature: abnormal
310. ALLOY: (PG. 200) to reduce the purity of by mixing
with something debasing.
CHAPTER TWENTY
311. VICISSITUDE: (PG. 202) unexpectedly
changing circumstances.
312. ANTIQUITY: (PG. 202) the quality of being
ancient.
313. SOLACE: (PG. 202) comfort in sorrow.
314. INTROSPECTION: (PG. 203) the examination
of one's own mental and emotional state.
315. IRREFRAGABLE: (PG. 203) not to be
disputed or contested.
316. UNCOUTH: (PG. 204) awkward of clumsy.
317. WEATHERCOCK: (PG. 204) a weather
vane in the shape of a rooster.
318. MUTABILITY: (PG. 204) being liable or
subject to change.
319. COMPORT: (PG. 205) to conduct or behave.
320. OBEISANCE: (PG. 205) a bodily gesture, as a
bow, expressing respect.
321. DEVOUT: (PG. 206) sincere or hearty.
322. BARTER: (PG. 207) to trade by exchanging
one commodity for another.
323. ENSHRINED: (PG. 207) preserved or
cherished as sacred.
324. GRANDAM: (PG. 206) an old woman: grandmother.
325. AUGHT: (PG. 206) at all.
326. PITHY: (PG. 206) having substance and point.
327. GILD: (PG. 206) to give an attractive but often
deceptive appearance to.
328. TARRY: (PG. 207) stay, sojourn.
329. POTENTATE: (PG. 209) one who wields
controlling power.
330. STUPEFIED: (PG. 209) astonished.
331. MALIGNANT: (PG. 209) disposed to cause
harm deliberately.
332. GRATUITOUS: (PG. 209) without apparent
reason or justification.
333. DELL: (PG. 210) a secluded hollow or small
valley usually covered with
trees or turf.
334. REQUITE: (PG. 211) to make return for: repay.
335. STEED: (PG. 212) a spirited horse for state
or war.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
336. BETIMES: (PG. 212) at times: occasionally.
337. PLEBIAN: (PG. 212) one of the common people.
338. QUAFF: (PG. 213) to drink (a beverage) deeply.
339. WORMWOOD: (PG. 213) something bitter and
grievous: bitterness.
340. LEES: (PG. 214) the settling of liquor during
fermentation and aging: dregs.
341. EFFERVESCE: (PG. 214) to show liveliness
or exhilaration.
342. MIRTH: (PG. 216) gladness or gaiety as shown
by or accompanied with laughter.
343. QUARTERSTAFF: (PG. 217) a long stout staff
formerly used as a weapon and wielded with
one hand in the middle and the other between
the middle and the end.
344. BUCKLER: (PG. 217) a shield worn on the left arm.
345. BROADSWORD: (PG. 217) a sword with a broad
blade for cutting rather than thrusting.
346. SCRUPLE: (PG. 218) an ethical consideration or
principle that inhabits action.
347. QUAFFING: (PG. 218) dinking (a beverage) deeply.
348. TEMPESTOUS: (PG. 219) turbulent, stormy.
349. PROBITY: (PG. 219) adherence to the highest
principles and ideals: uprightness.
350. UNBENIGNANTLY: (PG. 219) acting in a way that
is not favorable or beneficial.
351. ANIMADVERSION: (PG. 219) adverse and
typically ill-natured or unfair
criticism.
352. GALLIARD: (PG. 219) gay, lively.
353. BERTH: (PG. 220) safe distance.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
354. CLARION: (PG. 221) a medieval trumpet
with clear shrill tones.
355. MERCENARY: (PG. 222) one that serves merely
for wages.
356. MORION: (PG. 111) high-crested helmet with
no visor.
357. SOBRIETY: (PG. 223) the quality or state of
being sober.
358. MORBID: (PG. 224) abnormally susceptible to or
characterized by gloomy or unwholesome feelings.
359. NECROMANCY: (PG. 225) magic, sorcery.
360. PATHOS: (PG. 227) an emotion of sympathetic pity.
361. GRADATIONS: (PG. 227) a series forming successive
stages.
362. ORB: (PG. 228) something circular: circle, orbit.
363. INDEFATIGABEL: (PG. 228) incapable of being
fatigued: untiring.
364. REQUITAL: (PG. 228) something given in return,
compensation, or retaliation.
365. SWARTHY: (PG. 229) being of a dark color,
complexion, or cast.
366. SMITE: (PG. 229) to attack or afflict suddenly and
injuriously.
367. UNSCRUPULOUS: (PG. 230) unprincipled.
368. SURMISE: (PG. 231) to imagine or infer on slight
grounds.
369. STIGMA: (PG. 231) a mark of shame or discredit:
stain.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
370. ORACLES: (PG. 231) a person (as a priest)
through whom a deity is
believed to speak.
371. DEITY: (PG. 232) Supreme Being: God.
372. LORE: (PG. 232) something that is taught: lesson.
373. WROUGHT: (PG. 233) deeply stirred: excited.
374. APOTHEOSIS: (PG. 233) elevation to divine status.
375. INTIMATIONS: (PG. 235) the act of making known:
announce.
376. NETHER: (PG. 235) situated down or below: lower.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
377. CONJECTURE: (PG. 240) a conclusion deduced by
surmise or guesswork.
378. NECROMANCER: (PG. 240) a person who is
believed to communicate with the spirits of the
dead for purposes of magically revealing the
future of influencing the course of events.
379. PORTENT: (PG. 240) something that foreshadows
a coming event: omen.
380. NUGATORY: (PG. 241) having no force:
inoperative.
381. BEQUEATHED: (PG. 243) to hand down:
transmit.
382. RECLUSE: (PG. 244) marked by withdrawal
from society: solitary.
383. PENITENCE: (PG. 244) regret for sin or
wrongdoing.
384. ESCUTCHEON: (PG. 245) a protective or
ornamental shield.
385. SABLE: (PG. 245) the color black: dark.
386. GULES: (PG. 245) the heraldic color red.